Unlike most histories of the National Guard, Jerry Cooper’s Citizens as Soldiers: A History of the North Dakota National Guard examines the Guard not merely in its wartime context or in terms of military actions in which it has engaged but also as an integral element in the growth and development of community in the American West. From the Guard's early incarnations as social clubs or lodges, where members dressed in uniform, paraded, and held dances, through its gritty service in the Philippines and beyond, Cooper shows how membership in the Guard and later in the Air National Guard helped forge bonds of local, regional, and national identity.